Choice Overload: Why Is Less Considered More?

Q: Does personality contribute to choice overload?

Yes, it does. Barry Schwartz's book, The Paradox of Choice — Why More is Less , puts people into two categories: maximizers and satisfiers. Maximizers spend more time and energy comparing various options in search of the best. Although it leads to more informed choices, it takes them longer to decide, making them more likely to feel dissatisfied with their decisions. Satisfiers compare options, find what's good enough, and don't spend mental and emotional resources worrying about whether there's a better alternative out there. They're less likely to experience choice overload.

Choice overload is the unfavorable effect of excessive alternatives. Too many options often delays decision-making and dissatisfaction with the final decision. Limit your choices when possible.

By Nathan Paulus

Reviewed by Nick Mishkin

Updated: October 30, 2024

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What Is Choice Overload?

Behavioral finance finds that several factors affect our ability to make sound financial decisions. Although the freedom to choose is good, having too many options may not be as beneficial. Choice overload (also known as over-choice) refers to the unfavorable effect of having too many alternatives.

Having too many options often leads to delayed decision-making and dissatisfaction with the final decision. The modern world floods us with alternatives that cater to different personal preferences, and choice overload is more common than ever.

Choice overload can occur when deciding what to order in your favorite coffee shop or determining the best auto insurance company. Understanding how to deal with it can help you make better financial decisions without being overwhelmed by anxiety or succumbing to herd instinct.

Contrary to popular belief, having a lot of options to choose from is not always better.

You have to make more decisions when you’re presented with more options. It could lead to higher levels of anxiety and decision fatigue.

A study by Iyengar and Lepper found that consumers bought more when they only had six choices instead of 24.

Decision-making becomes more complicated when there are more choices because each presents a potential benefit and possible loss.

Having choices isn’t inherently bad. Choice increases feelings of autonomy and control. However, when these feelings increase exponentially, it becomes debilitating and may negatively affect emotional well-being.

Sources:

University of Washington, The Paradox of Choice: Why Less is More

Why Does Choice Overload Happen?

Have you ever had so many options that you felt paralyzed and ended up not choosing anything? That's a common consequence of choice overload, which is failing to make the most rational decision in the face of having too many alternatives. Choice is not a bad thing. But when there are too many choices, the decision-making process can be overwhelming.

Choice overload is less daunting when you have prior knowledge about your options or existing preferences. You're also less likely to experience it when an immediate decision isn't necessary. Unfortunately, we don't always have ample information and limitless time for the choices we must make.

Every decision takes up mental energy, and when we run out, we're more likely not to make one, resulting in delay. Extensive options also lead to higher expectations. We feel disappointed and frustrated when the outcome doesn’t meet these expectations.

Some people want to seek out all possible alternatives, but with nearly limitless options these days, it may create more harm than good. There are also situations wherein we're not clear about what we want. The entire experience becomes overwhelming when you combine it with too many options.

The paradox of choice shows that customers want choices, but prefer not to have too many.

The effects of choice overload may lead to choice paralysis. Either we delay deciding because we've exhausted our mental resources by making earlier decisions, or we abandon the decision-making task entirely, choosing none of the available options. Unfortunately, the choices that take the most energy impact our lives the most — starting a business, getting married or shifting careers.

In situations when we do decide, it lowers the quality of our decisions, leaving us dissatisfied. The mere presence of too many options increases the likelihood of buyer's remorse and anxiety, negatively affecting our overall well-being.

Your financial decisions aren't immune to the effects of choice overload. Commodities aren't the only things with nearly-limitless options — financial products are catching up quickly. Getting overwhelmed by the number of personal loan lenders, insurance providers and retirement plans available is normal.

Fortunately, there are strategies you can apply to your life to combat choice overload. These include having clear long-term goals, researching and narrowing down your options. MoneyGeek's guide explores these methods further.

A man has a lot of choices to choose from.

Predictors of Choice Overload

Choice overload is a phenomenon you're bound to encounter several times in your lifetime. That said, it doesn’t affect every choice you make. Several factors must be present for it to affect your decision-making.

A 2014 study by Northwestern University narrowed it down to four specific elements: how complicated the decision is, how difficult the situation is, how well you understand your preferences and how clear your main objective is.

Predictors	How This Impacts Your Decision-Making
Complexity of Choices	The more complicated the decision-making process, the more likely you'll experience choice overload. For example, Bank X offers ten different financial products, each of which has two options. In comparison, Bank Y offers only three financial products, each with eight options. The latter is a more complex decision and can trigger it.
Task Difficulty	This factor doesn't pertain to the actual task of deciding but the situation surrounding it. The significance of a decision and the time you have to make it affects its difficulty level. Let's say you're at the supermarket buying shampoo. You have two large bottles at home but wanted to purchase a small one for an upcoming trip. Despite the number of available brands, you're unlikely to experience choice overload. In comparison, you'll probably experience the phenomenon if you must choose between three wedding reception venues, each with different costs, within the next two days.
Knowing Preferences	Having a firm grasp of your preferences can make decision-making easier. For example, if your primary criteria for selecting the best auto insurance company is budget, having a range in mind lets you quickly narrow down your options without getting overwhelmed. However, you're open to everything if you're unsure about your preferences. You'll end up considering every single alternative because they're valid possibilities.
Goal Setting	When faced with multiple options, ask yourself, "What is my end objective?" If you're browsing, gathering information for a choice you don't intend to make right now is a good idea. Then, you're less likely to experience choice overload when it comes time to make the decision. An excellent analogy is going to the mall to purchase a new oven versus visiting multiple appliance stores to see what models are available. If you intend to buy something during the initial store visit, you'll likely experience choice overload.

Examples of Choice Overload

Choice overload is a phenomenon that occurs in various environments. It can happen in mundane situations, such as a run to your local supermarket. You may also experience it when evaluating big-ticket items or retirement plans. Our guide shows three specific situations.

Choice Overload Example: Less Jam, More Money

In 2000, Iyengar & Lepper completed a study involving gourmet jam. They wanted to see whether having more variety would lead to higher sales. To make the determination, they created two different displays. The first display offered 24 types of jam, while the second display only showed six.

The results were surprising. Although the display with more variety attracted more customers, only a few returned to make purchases — 3% to be exact. They had fewer customers when only six types of jam were displayed, but 30% of those customers made purchases. It showed that offering fewer options led to higher revenue.

A woman is shopping for jam and has many choices to choose from.

Choice Overload Example: Scary Supermarket Aisles

A visit to your local supermarket can be stressful and time-consuming. Imagine going shopping for one or two items and walking out of the store over an hour later.

During your shopping trip, you go down one aisle. You find 85 different cracker brands, 95 snacks and 285 kinds of cookies. Something that could have taken two minutes now requires around 20 minutes of your time as you try to determine what brand will satisfy everyone in your household.

Having to deal with too many alternatives can cause anxiety. As a solution, supermarkets can give their customers a better experience if they offer fewer brands.

A woman is having trouble finding an item in the grocery store.

Choice Overload Example: Increasing 401(k) Participation

There's no ideal age to start preparing for retirement, but you're never too young. Signing up with your employer's 401(k) is an excellent way to begin. Not only does it ensure a nest egg in your golden years, but you can also choose where to invest your funds. Who wouldn't want to participate?

As it turns out, choice overload also affects participation in retirement plans, as Sethi-Iyengar, Huberman and Jiang discovered in their 2004 study.

In this study, it wasn't that people didn't see the value of having a 401(k). They saw the value, but selecting between multiple investment options that could significantly impact their retirement money was overwhelming. They found that with every ten or more fund options, there was a 1.5% to 2% decrease in participation. In comparison, employers that offered less than ten investment options had more participation.

An older adult scratching their head looking at different screens showing charts and graphs on how to best invest.

Overcoming Choice Overload

Choice overload may lead to poor financial decisions. It is crucial to learn how to minimize its effects. Fortunately, you can use several strategies to combat it, including having a clear long-term perspective, researching and narrowing down your options. MoneyGeek's guide explores these further.

We've identified the different factors that contribute to choice overload. Logically, taking some of those elements away may bring positive outcomes. For example, the lack of time makes deciding more complex, so giving yourself more time before making a choice may reduce the effects of choice overload.

What makes a situation challenging is evaluating alternatives and coming up with a choice in one sitting. Perhaps a better approach is to spend one day exploring your options, allowing yourself time to compare them without feeling pressured. You can save the actual decision-making for another time.

Information is a powerful tool to reduce the impact of choice overload. Knowing the benefits of each option is one important step in the decision-making process. Understanding your objective is also critical. MoneyGeek's guide provides additional strategies below to help narrow your choices and remedy any feelings of being overwhelmed.

Examine Your Preferences

Before you even look at your options, take the time to examine your personal preferences first. This can help you narrow down your options quickly. It's particularly effective when selecting between consumer goods, which may have more variants than other goods.

For example, knowing that you prefer low-fat milk automatically removes all other alternatives. You might still need to go through several brands, but it significantly decreases the complexity of your decision. The more specific your preferences are, the better off you'll be.

Read Product or Service Reviews

When you're clear about your preferences, it's time to take a closer look at the different alternatives. Sometimes, however, the decision can still be challenging, especially if you have little to no experience with certain products.

A 2012 study by Morrin, Broniarczyk and Inman on 401(k) participation found that more individuals chose to enroll in employer-sponsored retirement plans when their description showed star ratings. What does this tell us? The more knowledgeable you are about the available options, the less likely you'll perceive the task of decision-making as daunting. As a result, it reduces the effects of choice overload.

Looking for credible sources of information is an excellent way to obtain more subject-matter knowledge. Typically, the product or service reviews are more reliable than what a brand or item's website advertises. A former customer can give you more clarity on its benefits and drawbacks.

You can then see whether these align with your preferences. If they do, keep them as options. If not, take them off the list of possibilities. Following this process helps limit your choices.

Establish a Goal

At the root of every decision we make is an objective. Your goal is your anchor because you can evaluate all options while using it as a standard. Typically you'll find that the best decision in a situation is the one that brings you closer to your end objective.

Choice Overload FAQ

Choice overload is a common phenomenon that affects your ability to make decisions in various situations. MoneyGeek’s guide includes commonly asked questions regarding this aspect of behavioral finance to provide you with additional information.

What is the choice overload problem?

It's the phenomenon when having too many options makes decision-making more difficult. Contrary to the prevailing belief that a wide array of choices brings satisfaction, studies have shown that the contrary is true.

How does choice overload affect consumers’ purchasing decisions?

Choice overload typically results in consumers delaying their decisions because they get overwhelmed with the number of possibilities. Sometimes, it leads to decision paralysis, where they don't make any decision in the end.

Does personality contribute to choice overload?

Yes, it does. Barry Schwartz's book, The Paradox of Choice — Why More is Less, puts people into two categories: maximizers and satisfiers.

Maximizers spend more time and energy comparing various options in search of the best. Although it leads to more informed choices, it takes them longer to decide, making them more likely to feel dissatisfied with their decisions.

Satisfiers compare options, find what's good enough, and don't spend mental and emotional resources worrying about whether there's a better alternative out there. They're less likely to experience choice overload.

Does choice overload affect your well-being?

Besides decision delay and choice paralysis, choice overload makes you less satisfied with your choices. Even after making a decision, you're more likely to be preoccupied with the possibility of making a different choice. It may even lead to feelings of regret. Both of these affect your mental well-being negatively as they may result in anxiety and depression.

What are typical responses to choice overload if you don’t manage it?

Besides delayed decisions (or no decisions, as the case may be), you may end up going with what you've always chosen. So all the energy you poured over comparing alternatives is wasted. You may also choose what everyone else is choosing because it feels safer. However, what works for others may not be ideal for you.

Does choice overload always happen when you have many options?

Not necessarily. Four elements can influence your decision-making experience. These are choice complexity, task difficulty, preference clarity and goal setting. With awareness of your preferences and proper goal setting, you can minimize the effects of choice overload.